Did John “Matthew” Gaulding marry Elizabeth Geers?

THE GAULDINGS IN THE 1810 CENSUS (PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY) (1)

The Gauldings and Geers in the 1810–1820 Prince Edward County Censuses

Some people identify Elizabeth, the wife of Matthew “John II” Gaulding as Elizabeth Geers, but actually her surname is not known.  There was a Geers family in Prince Edward County, but there is no evidence to prove that Elizabeth was a member of it.  She was NOT the daughter of Francis “Francil” Geers.  That family was from Henrico, Virginia. 

No Geers Family Cluster Appears in Any County Along John “Matthew” Gaulding’s Migration Path

When tracing the migration of John “Matthew” Gaulding from New Kent County in the early 1730s to Prince Edward County by the mid‑1750s, one of the most important questions is whether a Geers/Gears family cluster existed in any of the counties he passed through. If his wife Elizabeth had been a Geers, her family should appear in New Kent, Hanover, Goochland, or early Amelia County—the places where John “Matthew” lived before arriving in Prince Edward. A careful examination of the records shows that no such Geers presence existed.

John “Matthew” Gaulding’s earliest documented residence was in St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent County.  He was the son of John Gaulding of New Kent and Anne (Steward). 

St. Peter’s Parish Vestry Book, p 746

This parish register, vestry books, land patents, and court orders contain no trace of any Geers family. The same is true for Hanover County, carved from New Kent in 1720. Hanover’s early deeds, tithables, and militia lists show no Geers households, meaning Elizabeth could not have come from a Geers family there.

From New Kent John “Matthew” moved westward into Goochland County, where he appears in tax lists and land transactions. Once again, Goochland’s surviving records contain no Geers, no variant spellings, and no families with similar names. If Elizabeth had been a Geers, her family would need to appear in this region during these years—but they do not.

The first county where the Geers appear is Amelia County, but the timing makes a marriage connection impossible. The earliest Geers—Thomas Geers (Sr.) and Mackness Geers (Sr.)—do not appear in Amelia until the late 1740s and early 1750s, a full generation too late to have a daughter born around 1710–1715, the necessary age for Elizabeth. These Amelia Geers are also not connected to the Henrico Geers family of Francis “Francil” Geers, who lived in a different region entirely.

By 1754, when Prince Edward County was formed from Amelia, both the Gauldings and the Geers appear in the new county’s records. But this is decades after John “Matthew” married, and the Geers who appear in Prince Edward—Thomas Jr. and Mackness Jr.—are grandsons of the Amelia Geers, not contemporaries of Elizabeth. Their later proximity to the Gauldings in the 1810 and 1820 censuses reflects shared neighborhood networks, not kinship.

Evidence for the Marriage of John “Matthew” Gaulding and Elizabeth

Although no colonial Virginia marriage bond survives for John “Matthew” Gaulding, the identity of his wife as Elizabeth is firmly established through probate records, tithables, and tax lists in Prince Edward County. These documents provide direct and contemporary evidence of her status as his widow, and therefore his wife, at the time of his death.

The clearest proof comes from the 1773–1774 probate proceedings. When John “Matthew” died in 1773, the Prince Edward County court appointed “Elizabeth Gaulding, Administratrix of the Estate of John Gaulding, deceased.” (2) In colonial Virginia, the role of administratrix was almost always assigned to the widow, unless she declined or was legally incapable. This record alone establishes that John “Matthew” had a wife named Elizabeth living at the time of his death.

Further confirmation appears in the 1774 Prince Edward County tithables, which list “Estate of John Gaulding & Elizabeth Gaulding” along with two of John’s adult sons, Jesse and Joseph. (3) This placement is significant: Elizabeth is listed as the head of the household immediately after John’s death, occupying the same land and surrounded by the same sons (4) who appear with John in earlier records. This continuity is the standard pattern for a colonial Virginia widow maintaining the family home after her husband’s death. (5)

No other adult woman named Elizabeth Gaulding appears in Prince Edward County during this period. There is no competing household, no second Elizabeth, and no other Gaulding man old enough to have a wife of that name. The Elizabeth who emerges in the records in 1774 is therefore unmistakably the widow of John “Matthew” Gaulding.

Taken together, the probate appointment, the tithables, and the tax lists provide a cohesive and reliable chain of evidence. Even without a surviving marriage bond, these records conclusively demonstrate that John “Matthew” Gaulding was married to a woman named Elizabeth, who survived him and administered his estate.

The Gaulding Family overlaps the Geers Family in Amelia County

During those years, the Geers/Gears family was not present in any of the counties where the Gauldings lived. No Geers appear in the records of New Kent, Hanover, or Goochland, the counties through which John “Matthew” passed before moving west. The Geers do not appear anywhere in the region until the 1740s–1750s, when Thomas Geers Sr. and later Mackness Geers Sr. emerge in Amelia County—a full 10 to 20 years after Elizabeth’s marriage.

Because the Geers did not arrive in Amelia until well after 1740, and because Elizabeth was already married and bearing children in New Kent by the early 1730s, the two timelines do not overlap. The Geers’ arrival window is simply too late to place Elizabeth within their family.

To conclude, there was no Geers family cluster in New Kent, Hanover, Goochland, or early Amelia County—the only counties where Elizabeth Gaulding could have originated. The Geers appear too late, in the wrong counties, and belong to a different generation. Their eventual presence in Prince Edward County occurs long after Elizabeth’s marriage and childbearing years.  Therefore, Elizabeth, wife of John “Matthew” Gaulding, could not have been a Geers.  The two families did not intersect until the early nineteenth century, when their descendants became neighbors in the Sailor’s Creek–Bush River community.

By 1810, the Gaulding family of Prince Edward County had entered its second and third generations since the death of the family patriarch, John “Matthew/John II” Gaulding (d. 1773). The census for that year lists five Gaulding men—John, Jesse, Richard, Joseph, and Alexander—each representing either a surviving son or a grandson of the original settler.

Alexander Gaulding, the eldest surviving son of John “Matthew,” was the only one of his generation who remained in Prince Edward County. He appears consistently in county records from the 1750s through 1810 and represents the continuity of the original Gaulding land base.

Jesse Gaulding and Joseph Gaulding, both listed as adult tithables in 1774, were likewise sons of John “Matthew.” Their appearance in the 1810 census confirms that they remained in the county into old age, even as most of their siblings migrated to Bedford, Campbell, Cumberland, or South Carolina.

The remaining two Gauldings in 1810—John and Richard—belong to the next generation. The elder John Gaulding (son of John “Matthew”) had migrated to South Carolina before 1774, so the 1810 John must be a grandson, likely the son of either Alexander or Samuel. Richard Gaulding, who first appears in Prince Edward tax lists around 1800, is also a grandson, probably from the Samuel or William (6) line, both of whom had sons of the appropriate age. (7)

Listed in the 1810 and 1820 Census of Prince Edward County, Virginia

Last	First	Census	County
Gaulding	John	1810	Prince Edward	Image 1
Gaulding	Jesse	1810	Prince Edward	Image 1
Gaulding	Richard	1810	Prince Edward	Image 2
Gaulding	Joseph	1810	Prince Edward	Image 2
Geers	Thomas	1810	Prince Edward	Image 2
Gaulding	John	1810	Prince Edward	Image 3
Gaulding	Alexander	1810	Prince Edward	Image 3
Geers	Mackness	1820	Prince Edward	Image 4
Geers	Thomas	1820	Prince Edward	Image 4
Galding	Jesse	1820	Prince Edward	Image 5

 By 1820, only Jesse Gaulding remains listed in Prince Edward County, representing the last of the original eight children still residing there.

1810 and 1820 Census Records, Prince Edward County, Virginia

Alongside the Gauldings, the Geers (Gears) family appears in both the 1810 and 1820 censuses—Thomas Geers in both years and Mackness Geers in 1820. Although not related by blood, the Geers were long‑standing neighbors and kin‑network associates of the Gauldings. Both families appear together in tax lists, road orders, and deed witness lists, and both belonged to the Sailor’s Creek–Bush River neighborhood cluster that included the Davenports, Williamsons, Bashams, and Spauldings. Their proximity in census records reflects this shared community, not a familial connection.

THE GAULDINGS IN THE 1820 CENSUS (8)

The 1820 census lists:

• Jesse Galding

• Thomas Geers

• Mackness Geers

Jesse Galding (1820)

Same man as Jesse Gaulding (1810) ➡️ Son of John “Matthew” Gaulding, still living in Prince Edward, though his siblings had dispersed.

SUMMARY OF RELATIONSHIPS

Name	Census Year	Identity	Relationship
John Gaulding	1810	Grandson	Nephew of Jesse, Joseph, Alexander
Jesse Gaulding	1810, 1820	Son of John “Matthew”	Brother of Joseph, Alexander, etc.
Richard Gaulding	1810	Grandson	Cousin to other 1810 Gauldings
Joseph Gaulding	1810	Son of John “Matthew”	Brother of Jesse, Alexander
Alexander Gaulding	1810	Son of John “Matthew”	Brother of Jesse, Joseph
Thomas Geers	1810, 1820	Neighbor	Kin‑network associate
Mackness Geers	1820	Neighbor	Kin‑network associate

 Three of the eight children of John “Matthew” Gaulding appear in the 1810 census: Alexander, Jesse, Joseph. The others (Samuel, William, John Jr., Jacob, Nancy) had moved away. Richard and the younger John are grandsons. The Geers are neighbors, not Gauldings, but part of the same FAN (Friends‑Associates‑Neighbors) network.

History of the Early Geers Family in Prince Edward County, Virginia

The Geers (also spelled Gears, Geeres, Geeres) family was established in the central Virginia Piedmont before Prince Edward County existed. Their earliest documented presence appears in Amelia County in the 1740s, in the very area that would be carved into Prince Edward County in 1754. This makes the Geers one of the founding neighborhood families of the Sailor’s Creek–Bush River region. (9)

Origins in Amelia County (1740s–1754)

The first identifiable members of the family were Thomas Geers Sr. and John Geers, who appear in Amelia County tithables and deed witness lists during the 1740s. Their land lay in the north‑eastern portion of Amelia County, an area that became part of Prince Edward County when the new county was formed. A slightly younger contemporary, Mackness Geers Sr., appears in Amelia records by the early 1750s. The unusual given name Mackness becomes a defining marker of this family line for the next century.

Transition into Prince Edward County (after 1754)

When Prince Edward County was created, the Geers family appears immediately in the new county’s tithables, road orders, and deed books. Thomas Geers Sr. is listed among the early taxpayers, and Mackness Geers Sr. emerges in the records by the 1760s. Their presence places the Geers among the earliest permanent settlers of the county, alongside families such as the Davenports, Williamsons, Bashams, Paines, and Spauldings.

These families formed a tight FAN‑club network (Friends–Associates–Neighbors) that appears repeatedly in deeds, road maintenance orders, militia lists, and probate records. The Geers were not wealthy planters but were stable, long‑term landholders and community participants.

Second Generation: The Census Era (1780–1820)

By the turn of the nineteenth century, the second generation of Geers was firmly established in Prince Edward County. (10) The 1810 and 1820 federal censuses list:

Thomas Geers (likely son of Thomas Sr.) (11)

Mackness Geers (likely son of Mackness Sr.)

These men lived in the same neighborhood as the Gauldings, Spauldings, Davenports, and Williamsons, continuing the long‑standing community ties established in the mid‑eighteenth century.

Relationship to the Gaulding Family

Although the Geers and Gauldings appear together in 1810–1820 census pages, tax lists, and road orders, there is no evidence of intermarriage between the two families in the eighteenth century. The wife of John “Matthew/John II” Gaulding (d. 1773) was named Elizabeth (12), but no record gives her surname, and the Geers listed in the 1810 and 1820 Census were too young to have supplied a wife for a man born ca. 1709.  Instead, the Geers and Gauldings were neighbors, not kin, as far as we know.  They were part of the same Prince Edward County community network that persisted for generations.

The Early Geers/Gears Family of Prince Edward County, Virginia

There was an earlier generation of the Geers family.  The Geers (also spelled Gears or Geeres) were established in the central Virginia Piedmont before Prince Edward County existed, appearing first in Amelia County records during the 1730s–1750s. Because Prince Edward County was formed from Amelia in 1754, the earliest Geers lived in the very area that later became Prince Edward. Their presence predates the county itself.

The earliest identifiable member of the family was Thomas Geers (the elder), who appears in Amelia County tithables in the 1740s and as a witness in several Amelia County deeds. (13) His land lay in the portion of Amelia that became Prince Edward County, making him almost certainly the patriarch of the Prince Edward Geers line. Another early figure was Mackness Geers (the elder)—a man whose extremely rare given name makes him easy to trace. He appears in Amelia County records before 1754 and is the clear ancestor of the later Mackness Geers who appears in the 1820 census. (14) Additional early Geers—John, William, and Thomas Jr.—appear sporadically in Amelia County records and lived among the same families who later formed the core of the Prince Edward neighborhood: the Gauldings, Williamsons, Davenports, and Bashams.

When Prince Edward County was created in 1754, the Geers appear immediately in its records. Thomas Geers (Sr.) is listed in the earliest tithables and is almost certainly the same man known from Amelia County. Mackness Geers (Sr.) appears in Prince Edward by the 1760s. These men represent the first generation of Geers in the new county and are the fathers—or in some cases grandfathers—of the Geers who appear in the 1810 and 1820 federal censuses.

By the late eighteenth century, the second generation—Thomas Geers Jr. and Mackness Geers Jr.—had become established householders. These are the men who appear in the 1810 and 1820 censuses, born roughly between 1740 and 1760. A third generation, born between 1770 and 1790, appears in later tax lists and the 1830 census.

Although the Geers were not blood relatives of the Gauldings, the two families were long‑standing neighbors. They appear side‑by‑side in tax lists, census pages, road orders, and militia districts. They also intermarried with the same cluster of Prince Edward families—particularly the Bashams, Davenports, and Williamsons (15)—who formed the broader FAN network (Friends–Associates–Neighbors) around Sailor’s Creek and Bush River. This shared community explains why Thomas and Mackness Geers appear on the same census pages as the Gauldings in 1810 and 1820.

In summary, there was an earlier generation of Geers in the region. Thomas Geers (Sr.) and Mackness Geers (Sr.) were present in Amelia County before 1754 and in Prince Edward County afterward. These men were the fathers or grandfathers of Thomas Geers (1810, 1820) and Mackness Geers (1820), who represent the later generations of the family.

Geers Family Tree (Prince Edward County, Virginia)

(Three Generations, 1730–1830) 

Generation 1 — The Amelia County Founders (born c. 1710–1730)	1. Thomas Geers (Sr.)  The earliest documented member of the family, Thomas appears in Amelia County tithables in the 1740s and as a witness in several Amelia deeds. After 1754, he is found in Prince Edward County tithables, indicating continuity of residence. He is the likely father of the later Thomas Geers who appears in the 1810 and 1820 censuses. 2. Mackness Geers (Sr.)  The rare given name Mackness appears in Amelia County records before 1754 and again in Prince Edward County by the 1760s. He is the clear ancestor of the later Mackness Geers listed in the 1820 census. 3. Other probable sons or brothers were John Geers, William Geers and Thomas Geers, Jr. These men appear in Amelia County records in the same neighborhood as the early Gauldings, Williamsons, Davenports, and Bashams, suggesting a shared community rather than isolated households.
Generation 2 — The First Prince Edward County Household Heads (born c. 1740–1760) - By the time Prince Edward County was established, the second generation of Geers men had become taxpayers and landholders.	1. Thomas Geers (Jr.)  Likely the son of Thomas Sr., he appears in Prince Edward County tithables soon after 1754 and continues to appear in county records into the early nineteenth century. He is the Thomas Geers listed in both the 1810 and 1820 federal censuses. 2. Mackness Geers (Jr.)  Appearing in Prince Edward County by the 1760s, he is almost certainly the son of Mackness Sr. His descendants carry the distinctive name forward. His son or grandson is the Mackness Geers listed in the 1820 census.
Generation 3 — The Census Generation (born c. 1770–1790) - These are the Geers who appear in the 1810 and 1820 censuses and in later tax lists.	1. Thomas Geers (born c. 1760–1770)  - Head of household in 1810 and 1820, living in the Sailor’s Creek–Bush River district. His household appears adjacent to the Gauldings, reflecting long‑standing neighborhood ties. 2. Mackness Geers (born c. 1770–1780)  Listed in the 1820 census, likely a son or grandson of Mackness Jr. His presence confirms the continuity of the Mackness line into the nineteenth century. 3. Younger Geers (born c. 1780–1790)  These individuals appear in later Prince Edward tax lists and the 1830 census, representing the fourth generation of the family in the region.

Elizabeth, Wife of John “Matthew” Gaulding was NOT the daughter of Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico County

Something I see over and over again on family trees on ancestry.com is the suggestion that Elizabeth, wife of John “Matthew/John II” Gaulding (b. ca. 1709; d. 1773), might have been a daughter of Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico County.  It is impossible to track down where that original incorrect came from, but it has proliferated, of course without any source attached to it.  Such an idea does not withstand chronological, geographical, or documentary scrutiny. A careful reconstruction of both families shows that such a relationship is impossible, even if Elizabeth’s name was Geers, which is very unlikely.

John “Matthew” Gaulding married before 1735, as his eldest sons—Alexander, Samuel, and William—were born in the early to mid‑1730s. His wife Elizabeth must therefore have been born around 1710–1715, placing her firmly in the first third of the eighteenth century. In contrast, the Henrico County Geers family headed by Francis “Francil” Geers belongs to a later generation.

Geography further disproves the theory. John “Matthew” Gaulding lived first in New Kent County, then in Amelia County during the 1740s, and finally in Prince Edward County after its formation in 1754. The Henrico Geers family, however, remained rooted in Henrico and later Chesterfield County, with no evidence of migration into New Kent, Amelia, or Prince Edward during the period when John and Elizabeth married. (16) The two families simply did not inhabit the same counties at the same time.

1.        The early Geers of Prince Edward County—Thomas Geers (Sr.), Mackness Geers (Sr.), and their kin—are not connected to the Henrico Geers. These Prince Edward Geers appear first in Amelia County records in the 1740s–1750s, then in Prince Edward tithables after 1754, and represent a separate family line. No documentary link—no deed, will, guardianship, or parish record—connects them to Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico. (17)

2.       No surviving record ever identifies Elizabeth Gaulding with a maiden name. She appears only as “Elizabeth” in Prince Edward County deeds and in the 1774 tithables as the widow of John Gaulding. If she had been a Geers, one would expect to find evidence in a dowry deed, a marriage bond, a will naming her, or a guardianship record—yet none exists.

3.       Naming patterns also contradict the theory. Colonial Virginia families typically named children after grandparents. None of John and Elizabeth Gaulding’s eight children—Alexander, Samuel, William, John Jr., Jacob, Jesse, Joseph, and Nancy—bear names associated with the Henrico Geers family, such as Francis, Thomas, or Mackness. This absence is significant in a period when naming conventions were consistent and meaningful.

4.       Finally, the only documented interaction between the Gauldings and the Geers occurs much later, in the 1810 and 1820 censuses, when the families appear as neighbors, not relatives. This reflects the shared Sailor’s Creek–Bush River community of the early nineteenth century, not an eighteenth‑century marriage connection.

Taken together, the evidence is decisive: Elizabeth, wife of John “Matthew” Gaulding, was not a daughter of Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico County. The two families belonged to different generations, lived in different counties, and left no documentary trace of any marital connection. Elizabeth’s maiden name remains unproven.

Where is it possible the early Geers family members came from?  Geers Origin Profile (Prince Edward County, Virginia

This is not proven, but it is within the realm of possibility and is based on the evidence. The Geers/Gears family of Prince Edward County did not originate there. Their earliest documented presence appears in Amelia County, Virginia, during the 1740s–1750s, in the exact region that later became Prince Edward County in 1754. The family’s founders in the region were Thomas Geers Sr. and Mackness Geers Sr., whose names appear in Amelia County tithables and deed witness lists before the county division.

Immediate Origin: Amelia County (1740s–1750s)

The first identifiable members of the Prince Edward Geers line are:

Thomas Geers Sr. — in Amelia County tithables by the 1740s

Mackness Geers Sr. — appearing by the early 1750s

Their land lay in the northeastern quadrant of Amelia County, the portion carved into Prince Edward County in 1754. This places the family firmly in Amelia before Prince Edward existed and establishes Amelia as their immediate point of origin.

Deeper Roots: Henrico–Chesterfield Region (Surname Origin) - The surname Geers/Gears/Geeres is most frequently found in:

Henrico County

Chesterfield County

Eastern Amelia County

This suggests that the Prince Edward Geers likely descended from an earlier, undocumented branch of the broader Henrico–Chesterfield Geers population. However, they are not descendants of Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico, whose family appears later, in a different region, and with no documentary connection to the Amelia/Prince Edward line.

Migration Pattern

The most plausible migration route for the Prince Edward Geers is:

Henrico → Chesterfield → Amelia (1740s) → Prince Edward (1754)

This pattern mirrors the westward movement of many Piedmont‑bound families during the mid‑eighteenth century.

They represent a distinct, westward‑moving branch of the Geers family that settled in Amelia County during the 1740s and became part of the Prince Edward community after 1754.

Brief Biography of Francis “Francil” Geers of Henrico County, Virginia (18)

Francis “Francil” Geers was a mid‑eighteenth‑century resident of Henrico County, Virginia, whose family appears in the records of Henrico and later Chesterfield County (formed from Henrico in 1749). He represents one of the documented branches of the Geers/Gears surname in colonial Virginia, though his line is not connected to the Geers family that later settled in Amelia and Prince Edward Counties.

Francis first appears in Henrico County court and parish records (19) in the 1740s, where his name is spelled variously as Francis, Francil, or Francill—a common phonetic variation in eighteenth‑century clerical writing. He was likely born between 1715 and 1725, based on the ages of his children and the timing of his earliest appearances in the records.

By the 1750s, Francis is documented as a landholder and head of household in the Henrico–Chesterfield region. His family appears in tithables, parish lists, and court entries typical of middling planters of the period. His children were born after 1740, placing his family firmly in the second half of the eighteenth century.

This chronology is crucial for genealogical analysis: because Francis’s children were born so late, none of them could have been the Elizabeth who married John “Matthew” Gaulding in New Kent County around 1730–1735. The two families lived in different counties, belonged to different generations, and left no documentary connection to one another.

Francis “Francil” Geers’s descendants remained in the Henrico–Chesterfield area into the early nineteenth century, forming a distinct Geers line separate from the Amelia/Prince Edward Geers who appear in records beginning in the 1740s. (9)

Works Cited

1. U.S. Census, 1810, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Entries for: John Gaulding; Jesse Gaulding; Richard Gaulding; Joseph Gaulding; Alexander Gaulding; Thomas Geers : s.n., National Archives Microfilm Publication M252, Roll 70.

2. Prince Edward County Court Order Book (1773–1774). Library of Virginia microfilm. Records the appointment of “Elizabeth Gaulding, Administratrix of the Estate of John Gaulding, deceased.”.

3. Prince Edward County Tithables, 1774. Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reel 100. Lists “Estate of John Gaulding & Elizabeth Gaulding” with sons Jesse and Joseph..

4. Prince Edward County Tithables, 1757. Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reel 98. Shows John Gaulding with adult sons, establishing the family structure before his death.

5. Prince Edward County Deed Book 3, p. 269 (1768–1769). Library of Virginia microfilm. Identifies John Gaulding in land transactions; his wife is not named, consistent with Virginia deed practice of the period.

6. Prince Edward County Deed Book 3, p. 269 (28 Nov 1768; rec. 16 Jan 1769). Deed from John Gaulding to William Gaulding; : witnesses include neighbors associated with both Gaulding and Geers families., Library of Virginia microfilm.

7. Prince Edward County, Virginia, Tithables, 1757. Lists: John Gaulding, William Gaulding, Alexander Gaulding, Jacob Gaulding : s.n., Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reel 98.

8. U.S. Census, 1820, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Entries for: Jesse Galding; Thomas Geers; Mackness Geers : s.n., National Archives Microfilm Publication M33, Roll 139.

9. Boddie, John Bennett. Southside Virginia Families, Vol. 1. Redwood City, CA : Pacific Coast Publishers, 1955. Discusses early Prince Edward and Amelia County families, including those associated with the Gauldings and Geers.

10. Amelia County Deed Books 2–5 (1742–1754). . Library of Virginia microfilm. Contains multiple entries with Geers men as witnesses or adjoining landowners.

11. Amelia County, Virginia, Tithables (1740s–1754). . Library of Virginia, Amelia County Microfilm Reels, 17-19. Lists early Thomas Geers, John Geers and William Geers in the area later forming Prince Edward Co..

12. Prince Edward County, Virginia, Tithables, 1774. Lists: “Estate of John Gaulding & Elizabeth Gaulding,” Jesse Gaulden, Joseph Gaulding : s.n., Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reel 100.

13. Amelia County Deed Books 2–5 (1742–1754). Library of Virginia microfilm. Contains deed witness entries for Thomas Geers and other early Geers..

14. Prince Edward County, Virginia Tithables (1754–1780). Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reels 98–100. Early appearances of Thomas Geers Sr. and Mackness Geers Sr..

15. Prince Edward County Road Orders (1754–1780). Library of Virginia microfilm. Lists Geers men in road crews with Davenport, Williamson, Basham, and Gaulding families.

16. Prince Edward County, Virginia Tithables (1757). Lists John Gaulding with adult sons, establishing marriage before 1735 : s.n., Library of Virginia, Prince Edward County Microfilm Reel 98.

17. Henrico County, Virginia Records (various). Library of Virginia microfilm. Document Francis “Francil” Geers and his family in Henrico/Chesterfield; no connection to Gauldings.

18. Henrico County, Virginia Court Orders (1740s–1760s). Library of Virginia microfilm. Contains multiple entries for Francis/Francil Geers as a tithable, witness, or party to minor civil actions.

19. Henrico Parish Vestry Book (St. John’s Parish). Library of Virginia. Lists Geers family members in parish assessments and tithables.